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Fundamental is VCV Rack’s build-in collection of sound generators, processors, routers, and signal analyzers.

Manual

VCO-1 & VCO-2

A voltage-controlled oscillator generates raw tones at a particular frequency controlled by a voltage signal.VCO-1 is a traditional analog/digital oscillator with four output waveforms: SIN (sine), TRI (triangle), SAW (sawtooth), and SQR (square).VCO-2 includes most of VCO-1’s features but allows morphing between these four waveforms.

With the ANLG/DIG switch in the ANLG position, analog-modeled waveforms are used.In most cases, like subtractive synthesis, analog waveforms are often preferred due to their imperfect and “more musical” harmonics.

In the DIG position, mathematically-perfect waveforms are generated instead.In some cases, a digital sound is preferred, like FM synthesis for example, to emulate the classic 80’s FM style.

The pitch of each oscillator is controlled by the FREQ knob, with a range of 9 octaves, and the FINE knob (only on VCO-1), with an additional range of 2 semitones.In digital mode, the FREQ knob snaps to exact semitones in the chromatic scale.In their initial states with FREQ and FINE at 12-o’clock positions, the note C₄ (middle C) is generated.Like all parameters in Rack, you can right-click a knob to reset it to its initial position.

To control the pitch externally, use the V/OCT input (only on VCO-1) or the FM input.The V/OCT input tracks at 1V/octave, meaning that an increase of 1V increases the pitch by one octave, doubling the frequency.This is the standard used in all MIDI interfaces, quantizers, and some sequencers in VCV Rack.

The FM input applies an additional pitch adjustment with an included FM CV attenuator knob.With the FM CV knob hard-right, the FM input functions similarly to the V/OCT input.In fact, this is how to achieve 1V/octave tracking on VCO-2.At lower knob positions, a smaller adjustment can be made to the pitch, for subtle vibrato, for example.

The SYNC input applies hard-syncing to the waveforms by resetting the phase of the waveform when the sync signal passes upward through 0V.If an audio-rate signal is patched into the SYNC input, the result is a waveform having characteristics of both the internal and sync frequencies.By toggling the HARD/SOFT switch to the SOFT position, soft-sync is used instead, which reverses the direction of the waveform when the sync signal passes through 0V.This results in a “softer” effect with fewer harmonics than hard-sync.

The P. WIDTH knob adjusts the pulse width (aka duty cycle) of the square waveform, and the PWM input and its PWM CV attenuator knob allow external pulse width control.The following are examples of a digital square wave with 1%, 25%, 50%, and 75% pulse width.

On VCO-2, the WAVE knob and CV input selects a waveform to generate at the OUT port.As the knob is increased, the output morphs between sine, triangle, sawtooth, and square.Intermediate values are blended, so it is possible to have a half-triangle, half-sawtooth wave, for example.

You might have noticed that the saw and square outputs include a “ripple” or “wiggle” around the waveform’s jump discontinuities.This effect is called the Gibbs phenomenon and is the result of using an anti-aliasing algorithm to generate only frequencies below the Nyquist frequency (half the sample rate).Without anti-aliasing, supersonic harmonics are reflected into the sonic frequency range, which sounds horrible.With anti-aliasing, a digital oscillator can simulate an analog oscillator perfectly.

VCF

A Voltage Controlled Filter removes a range of frequencies from an audio signal, with its cutoff frequency controlled by an external voltage.Fundamental VCF models a 4-pole transistor ladder filter with saturation at each stage.

Note: The high-pass output of Fundamental VCF is currently non-functional.This feature will be added in the future.

More coming soon

VCA-1 & VCA-2

A Voltage Controlled Amplifier allows the level of an audio or CV signal to be controlled by another CV signal.Fundamental VCA includes two VCAs with both exponential and linear response, and an attenuator knob.

A signal passing through IN to OUT is attenuated with the LEVEL knob with a gain ranging from 0 to 1.

If a CV signal is patched into LIN, the signal is also attenuated based on this control voltage, or “enveloped” by the control voltage ranging from 0V to 10V.A CV of 10V applies a gain of 1, while a CV of 0V (as well as negative CV) mutes the signal completely.

The EXP input gives an exponential response for more exaggerated and faster envelopes.

In this figure, a constant sine wave is being attenuated by an ADSR envelope CV signal (pink), using a VCA to combine the signals into the enveloped output (blue).

Ideally, linear VCAs obey the equation out = in × (CV / 10V) for positive CV, and out = 0V for negative CV.For example, a CV signal of 2.5V applies a gain of 0.25 to the input signal.The golden rule of VCAs: “It’s just multiplication.”

LFO-1 & LFO-2

A low frequency oscillator is a voltage-controlled oscillator that is designed to oscillate at lower frequencies than audio rates.LFO-1 and LFO-2 are nearly identical to VCO-1 and VCO-2, with a few differences.

The range of the frequency knob is much lower than VCO-1/2, ranging from one oscillation roughly every 4 minutes to 1000 Hz.

The UNI/BI switch toggles between unipolar (0V to 10V) and bipolar (-5V to 5V) output. In both of these modes, the peak-to-peak difference is always 10V.

The 0°/180° switch inverts the output signal when in 180° mode.In unipolar mode, this inverted signal will still oscillate between 0V and 10V.

The RESET input behaves identically to the SYNC input of VCO-1/2.

The FM 1 and FM 2 inputs both have attenuator knobs FM 1 CV and FM 2 CV.If either of these knobs is turned hard-right, the corresponding FM input turns into a 1V/oct input, so every increase of 1V will double the frequency.

The output generated by LFO-1/2 is similar to VCO-1/2 in digital mode but without anti-aliasing, so there is no Gibbs effect.

Delay

ADSR

Coming soon

Mixer

8vert

An “attenuverter” is an attenuator that can also reach negative values.8vert is utility module with 8 inputs, 8 attenuverters, and 8 outputs.

Each attenuverter can apply a gain ranging from -1 to 1.In its initial position at 12-o’clock, a gain of 0 is applied, resulting in a silent output signal.Positioned hard-right, the input signal passes through without modification, and positioned hard-left, the input is inverted, flipping its value.

The top input of 8vert is normalized to 10V, meaning that a constant 10V signal is used instead when no cable is patched.All other inputs are normalized to the input above it, allowing inputs to “copy” their signal downward.

When no inputs are patched into a channel and all channels above it, these inputs are all effectively normalized to 10V.This turns 8vert into a constant voltage generator with voltages set by each of the attenuverters from -10V to 10V.

As another example, if a cable is patched into the first input only, all channels below receive the same signal and can attenuvert it independently based on each attenuverter’s position.

Unity

VCV Unity is a dual unity mixer for audio and CV, each section with six inputs, which directly adds multiple signals without gain adjustment.

The OUT port directly sums all six inputs above it.The INV port inverts/negates this signal.

If the switch for each channel is in the AVG position, the output of that channel is the average of the patched inputs instead of the sum.

Right-click the panel and select Merge channels 1 & 2 to combine all 12 inputs.Both outputs produce the same signal in this mode.

Mutes

The VCV Mutes utility module contains 10 rows of switches which allow quick control over muting a signal.Click a button to toggle the mute state of each channel.

Each input is normalized to the input directly above it.In other words, all inputs “copy” their signal to the channel below it.For example, Mutes is able to function as a multiple module that copies one input to up to 10 outputs, with additional mute control for each output.

Like other modules, randomization and initialization from the module’s context menu can affect the state of the mute buttons.

Pulses

VCV Pulses contains 10 rows of manual trigger and gate generators.

Click a TAP switch to generate a 1ms long 10V pulse signal (per the trigger voltage standard) in the row’s TRIG output.While the TAP switch is pressed, the GATE output generates 10V, otherwise it generates 0V.

Scope

SEQ-3

Coming soon

Sequential Switch 1 & 2

Octave

Octave shifts a 1V/oct pitch signal by whole octaves, ranging from -4 to +4.Patch a pitch signal into IN, and the shifted pitch signal is at OUT.If no cable is patched into IN, Octave generates fixed whole number voltages.

For pitch signals that follow the “1V/octave” standard, Octave adds/subtracts 1V to shift it up/down by one octave, as the standard’s name would suggest.This makes Octave a very simple module to understand and use.

To specify the number of octaves to shift, click on a circle in the main display.Circles above the middle circle represent upward octave shifts, and circles below it represent downward octave shifts.Octave’s display is a normal parameter, so you can right-click it to manually enter a shift amount, map the parameter with VCV MIDI-Map, etc.

The octave shift amount can be modulated with CV and is computed by taking the nearest whole number voltage of the CV input.

Patch ideas:

• To create a sub oscillator, duplicate your main VCO and place an Octave module between the pitch source and the new VCO.Set the octave shift amount to -1, and mix the two VCO’s waveforms with VCV Mixer.

Quantizer

Quantizer rounds a 1V/octave pitch signal to the nearest note.TODO

Split & Merge

Split and Merge convert polyphonic signals to multiple monophonic signals and vise-versa.Refer to the Polyphony entry of Rack’s manual to learn about polyphony in Rack.

Split expands a polyphonic signal patched into the POLY input to multiple monophonic outputs labeled 1-8 and 9-16.If the polyphonic input signal includes less than 16 channels, all unpatched channels are considered to be 0V.

Merge joins multiple monophonic channels into one polyphonic signal at the POLY output.By default, the number of polyphonic channels is the index of the highest patched monophonic input.For example, if you only patch a cable to input 4, the polyphonic output will have 4 channels.Unpatched inputs are considered to be 0V.You can explicitly specify the number of output channels by right-clicking on the panel and selecting the “Channels” menu.

It is possible to create zero-channel polyphonic signals with Merge.See Polyphony Technical Details for an explanation of zero-channel cables.

The CHAN lights on both Split and Merge modules indicate the number of channels currently being processed.It is not possible to “deactivate” channels lower than the maximum channel number.All channels from 1 to the maximum channel number are “active”, even if they are 0V.

Sum

Sum mixes all channels of a polyphonic signal patched into the POLY input to produce a monophonic signal at the MONO output.

The CHAN lights indicate the number of channels Sum is mixing.

Summing multiple audio signals usually results in an increase of audio levels, so you can account for this by adjusting the OUT level.Pay attention to the LEVEL VU meter to avoid clipping.For example, a four-voice polyphonic signal can increase the peak amplitude by 4, so it is a good idea to apply roughly 25% attenuation with Sum.

Viz

Viz visualizes the values of each channel of a polyphonic signal.

Patch a polyphonic signal into the POLY input.Active polyphonic channels are represented by white channel numbers.The light on the right of each channel number emits green for a positive signal, red for a negative signal, and yellow (rapidly blending red/green) for an audio-rate signal.

Patch ideas:

• Patch VCV MIDI-CV’s GATE output to Viz, set the desired number of polyphonic channels by right-clicking on MIDI-CV’s panel, and play chords with your MIDI keyboard (or computer keyboard).This will make it easier to see how MIDI-CV maps notes to each channel of the polyphonic gate signal.Try a different “Polyphony mode” with MIDI-CV’s right-click menu and notice the different behaviors when playing chords.

Mid/Side

VCV Mid/Side converts L/R stereo signals to M/S stereo signals and back. Free b3 organ vst.

Typically, stereo signals contain a left and right channel, representing the signals played by the left and right speakers.An alternative method is to use a “mid” channel, representing the signal if it was converted to mono, and a “side” channel, representing the amount of left/right offset.In other words, the mid channel is the sum of the left and right channels, and the side channel is their difference.

Mid/side stereo is useful for a number of reasons, such as processing each channel in different ways while applying the effects symmetrically on the left/right.For example, you can use a mono reverb on the mid channel to apply a bit of reverb to the center of a stereo signal while still roughly preserving stereo image.It’s not perfect, but it’s better than mono—try it!

The WIDTH knob and CV input increases or decreases the stereo width during encoding or decoding.This is done by simply applying a gain to the side channel.You can use VCV Mid/Side as a left/right stereo widener by patching the encoder’s mid/side outputs to the decoder’s mid/side inputs.

A mid/side stereo microphone setup can produce mid/side signals directly by using a cardioid or omnidirectional microphone for the mid channel and a figure-8 microphone for the side channel.After calibrating the microphone levels or by adjusting the WIDTH knob to taste, VCV Mid/Side can decode these channels into left/right stereo.To reverse the stereo image, you can either invert the polarity of the side channel or just swap the left/right channels.

The formulas for each output are

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In its default position, width = 1.

Noise

VCV Noise generates 7 colors of noise, each with a different characteristic and frequency response.

White noise (WHT output) has equal intensities at all frequencies. Each voltage is sampled from a normal distribution.

Pink noise (PINK output) has more bass, and its intensity decreases by -3 dB/octave.

Red noise (RED output) has even more bass, and its intensity decreases by -6 dB/octave.

Blue noise (BLUE output) has more treble than white noise, and its intensity increases by +3 dB/octave.

Violet noise (VIOL output) has even more treble, and its intensity increases by +6 dB/octave.

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Gray noise (GRAY output) is calibrated to a psychoacoustic equal loudness curve. The human ear does not hear all frequencies with equal intensity (e.g. white noise sounds louder around 1000 Hz than 100 Hz, although its actual power density is the same), so a filter with an equal loudness frequency response is needed to produce noise that sounds uniform across the audible frequency range.In particular, the gray noise generated by VCV Noise is inverse A-weighted.

Black noise (BLK output) has no single standard definition, so VCV Noise defines it as “uniform noise”, i.e. voltages sampled from a uniform distribution.Uniform noise has nearly the same frequency response as white noise, except that it contains aliasing.This effect is similar to early digital noise generators or poorly-designed software noise algorithms.However, uniform noise is useful for sample-and-hold sources, CV, and other non-audio purposes.

Random

VCV Random is a random CV generator with 4 types of randomness and a triggerable sample-and-hold function.

The RATE slider adjusts the tempo of the internal clock.The CV input below the slider adjusts the rate with 1V/oct calibration.On each clock trigger, the RATE slider LED blinks, and a new random value is chosen.During the time between clock triggers, the random outputs are interpolated between the previous and the new random value.

If the TRIG input is patched, the RATE slider is ignored, and the clock is only triggered when an external pulse is received.If the EXT IN input is patched, this external voltage is used instead of a random voltage upon each clock trigger.

The SHAPE slider and its CV input adjust the shape of all four random outputs.At its lowest position (0%), all outputs immediately jump to the new random value when the clock is triggered.At higher values, the behavior depends on the output used.

• The STEP output interpolates by a number of equally-spaced steps.At 0% shape, the output jumps directly to the new random value in 1 step.At 100%, there are 16 steps between the previous and the new clock trigger.

• The LIN output interpolates linearly with a slope specified by the shape.At 0% shape, the line has infinite slope, jumping directly to the new random value.At 100%, the output takes the entire clock cycle duration to reach the new valueAt intermediate values, the output reaches the new value and holds before the clock cycle finishes.

• The SMTH output interpolates smoothly between values using sine interpolation.The speed of the interpolation is specified by the shape, and the output holds at the new value if it is reached before the clock cycle finishes.

• The EXP output uses exponential interpolation, with its time constant specified by the shape.At 100% shape, the interpolation becomes linear.

The UNI/BI switch toggles between unipolar (0V to 10V) and bipolar (-5V to 5V) output voltages.

The REL/ABS switch toggles between absolute and relative random voltage generation.

• In absolute mode, all voltages in the 10V range are equally likely.Voltages are sampled from a uniform distribution.
• In relative mode, voltages closest to the previous value are more likely to be generated.This mode is useful for melodies that gradually rise and fall rather than jump around the voltage range.At audio rates, the result is similar to red noise.